Iindidi ezili-12 zoBuchule boHlulo omele Uyazi

Iindidi ezili-12 zoBuchule boHlulo kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo

Ukuhluza bubuchule obusetyenziswa ukwahlula amasuntswana aqinileyo kulwelo (ulwelo okanye irhasi) ngokugqithisa ulwelo kwisiphakathi esigcina amasuntswana aqinileyo.Kuxhomekeke kubume bei-fluid kunye ne-solid, ubukhulu bamaqhekeza, injongo yokucoca, kunye nezinye izinto, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhluza zisetyenziswa.Apha sidwelisa iintlobo ezili-12 zeentlobo eziphambili zeendlela zokuhluza ezidla ngokusetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo, sinethemba lokuba ezo zinokuba luncedo kuwe ukuba wazi iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokuhluza.

1. UHluzo lweMechanical / lokuQinisa:

I-Mechanical/Straining Filtration yenye yezona ndlela zilula kwaye zithe ngqo.Embindini wayo, kubandakanya ukudlula ulwelo (ingaba lulwelo okanye igesi) ngomqobo okanye i-medium eyeka okanye ibambe amasuntswana amakhulu kunobungakanani obuthile, ngelixa uvumela ulwelo ukuba ludlule.

1.) Iimpawu eziphambili:

* Isihluzi esiPhakathi: Isihluzi esiphakathi sineendawo ezincinci zokuvuleka okanye iipores ezinobukhulu obumisela ukuba ngawaphi amasuntswana aya kubanjiswa kwaye aya kuphumela kuwo.Isiphakathi sinokwenziwa ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya amalaphu, isinyithi, okanye iiplastiki.

* Ubungakanani beNcam: Ukuhluzwa komatshini kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kubungakanani bamasuntswana.Ukuba iqhekezana likhulu kunobukhulu bepore yesihluzo esiphakathi, liyavaleleka okanye lihluzwe.

* Ipateni yokuqukuqela: Kuninzi lokuseta oomatshini bokuhluza, ulwelo luhamba ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo yokucoca.

2.) Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo:

*Izihluzo zaManzi aseKhaya:Izihluzi zamanzi ezisisiseko ezisusa intlenga kunye nezingcolisi ezinkulu zixhomekeke kukucoca ngoomatshini.

*Ukwenziwa kweKofu:Isihluzo sekofu sisebenza njengesihluzo esisebenza ngomatshini, sivumela ikofu elulwelo ukuba idlule ngelixa igcina isiseko sekofu eqinileyo.

*Amadama okuqubha:Izihluzi zephuli zihlala zisebenzisa i-mesh okanye isikrini ukubambisa inkunkuma enkulu njengamagqabi kunye nezinambuzane.

*Iinkqubo zoShishino:Iinkqubo ezininzi zokuvelisa zifuna ukususwa kwamasuntswana amakhulu kulwelo, kwaye izihluzi zoomatshini zihlala zisetyenziswa.

*Izihluzi zoMoya kwiiNkqubo zeHVAC:Ezi zihluzo zibamba amasuntswana amakhulu emoyeni njengothuli, umungu, kunye nezinye iintsholongwane.

3.) Izinto eziluncedo:

*Ubulula:Ukuhluzwa koomatshini kulula ukukuqonda, ukuphumeza, kunye nokugcina.

*Ukuguquguquka:Ngokutshintsha izinto kunye nobukhulu bepore yesihluzo esiphakathi, ukuhluzwa koomatshini kunokulungiswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.

*Isebenza kakuhle emalini:Ngenxa yokulula kwayo, iindleko zokuqala kunye nokugcinwa kwazo zihlala ziphantsi kuneendlela zokuhluza ezinzima.

4.) Unyino:

*Ukuvala:Ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko amaqhekeza amaninzi abanjwe, isihluzo sinokuvaleka, sinciphise ukusebenza kwayo kwaye sifune ukucocwa okanye ukutshintshwa.

*NONEI-Mechanical filtration ayisebenzi ekususeni amasuntswana amancinci kakhulu, izinto ezinyibilikileyo, okanye ii-microorganisms ezithile.

*Ugcino:Ukutshekisha rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa okanye ukucocwa kwesixhobo sokucoca kubalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle.

Ukuqukumbela, i-mechanical or straining filtration yindlela esisiseko yokwahlula ngokusekelwe kubungakanani besuntswana.Ngelixa isenokungakulungeli usetyenziso olufuna ukususwa kwamasuntswana amancinane kakhulu okanye izinto ezinyityilisiweyo, yindlela ethembekileyo nesebenzayo kwizicelo ezininzi zemihla ngemihla nezamashishini.

2. UHlezo lomxhuzulane:

I-Gravity Filtration yindlela esetyenziswa ikakhulu elabhoratri ukwahlula isiqina kulwelo kusetyenziswa amandla womxhuzulane.Le ndlela ifanelekile xa isiqina singanyibiliki kulwelo okanye xa ufuna ukususa ukungcola kulwelo.

1.) Inkqubo:

• Iphepha lokucoca elijikelezayo, elidla ngokwenziwa ngeselulosi, liyagotywa lize libekwe kwifaneli.

• Umxube wokuqina nolwelo ugalelwa kwiphepha lokuhluza.

• Phantsi kwempembelelo yomxhuzulane, ulwelo ludlula kwimingxuma yephepha lokucoca luze luqokelelwe ngezantsi, ngoxa okuqinileyo kuhlala ephepheni.

2.) Iimpawu eziphambili:

Isihluzo esiPhakathi:Ngokuqhelekileyo, kusetyenziswa iphepha lokucoca elisemgangathweni.Ukukhethwa kwephepha lokucoca kuxhomekeke kubukhulu beengqungquthela eziza kuhlukaniswa kunye nomlinganiselo wokucoca ofunekayo.

*Izixhobo:Iglasi elula okanye iplastiki yefenitshala isoloko isetyenziswa.I-funnel ibekwe kwisigxina seringi ngaphezu kweflask okanye i-beaker ukuqokelela ifiltrate

(ulwelo oludlule kwisihluzo).

* Akukho xinzelelo lwangaphandle:Ngokungafaniyo ne-vacuum filtration, apho umahluko woxinzelelo lwangaphandle ukhawulezisa inkqubo, ukuhluzwa komxhuzulane kuxhomekeke kuphela kumandla omxhuzulane.Oku kuthetha ukuba iyacotha ngokubanzi kunezinye iindlela ezifana ne-vacuum okanye ukuhluzwa kwe-centrifugal.

3) Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo:

* Ukwahlulwa kweLebhu:

I-Gravity filtration yindlela eqhelekileyo kwiilebhu zekhemistri ukwenzela ukwahlula okulula okanye ukususa ukungcola kwizisombululo.

* Ukwenza iti:Inkqubo yokwenza iti usebenzisa ibhegi yeti luhlobo lohluzo lomxhuzulane,

apho iti engamanzi idlula engxoweni (isebenza njengesixhobo sokucoca), ishiya ngasemva amagqabi eti aqinileyo.

4.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ulula:Yindlela ethe ngqo efuna izixhobo ezincinci, iyenza ifikeleleke kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda.

* Akukho mfuneko yoMbane: Ekubeni ingaxhomekekanga kuxinzelelo lwangaphandle okanye koomatshini, ukuhluzwa komxhuzulane kunokwenziwa ngaphandle kwemithombo yamandla.

* Ukhuseleko:Ngaphandle kokwakhiwa koxinzelelo, kukho umngcipheko oncitshisiweyo weengozi xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezinoxinzelelo.

5.) Unyino:

* Isantya:Ukuhluzwa komxhuzulane kunokucotha, ngakumbi xa kuhluzwa imixube enamasuntswana amancinane okanye umxholo oqinileyo ophezulu.

* Ayilunganga kuMasuntswana amahle kakhulu:Amasuntswana amancinci kakhulu angadlula kwiphepha lokucoca okanye abangele ukuba livale ngokukhawuleza.

* Umthamo olinganiselweyo:Ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwayo kwiifuneli ezilula kunye namaphepha okucoca, ayifanelekanga kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa komxhuzulane yindlela elula necacileyo yokwahlula izinto eziqinileyo kulwelo.Ngelixa isenokungabi yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo okanye eyona ndlela isebenzayo kuzo zonke iimeko, ukusebenziseka kwayo ngokulula kunye neemfuneko ezincinci zesixhobo kuyenza ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwizicwangciso ezininzi zaselabhoratri.

3. Ukuhluzwa okushushu

Ukuhluzwa okushushu bubuchule belabhoratri obusetyenziselwa ukwahlula ubumdaka obunganyibilikiyo kwisisombululo esishushu esigcweleyo phambi kokuba siphole kwaye sibe yikristale.Eyona njongo iphambili kukususa ukungcola okunokubakho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akubandakanyi kwiikristale ezifunekayo xa kupholiswa.

1.） Inkqubo:

* Ukufudumeza:Isisombululo esiqulethe i-solute efunwayo kunye nokungcola kuqala sifudunyezwe ukunyibilikisa i-solute ngokupheleleyo.

* Ukuseta izixhobo:Ifuneli yesihluzi, ekukhethwa ukuba yenziwe ngeglasi, ibekwe kwiflask okanye kwibeaker.Iqhekeza lephepha lokucoca lifakwe ngaphakathi kwifuneli.Ukuthintela i-crystallization yangaphambi kwexesha ye-solute ngexesha lokucoca, i-funnel idla ngokufudumeza ngokusebenzisa i-steam bath okanye i-mantle yokufudumala.

* Ukudluliselwa:Isisombululo esishushu sithululelwa kwi-funnel, sivumela isahlulo samanzi (i-filtrate) ukuba sidlule kwiphepha lokucoca kwaye siqokelele kwi-flask okanye i-beaker engezantsi.

* Ukubambisa ukungcola:Ukungcola okunganyibilikiyo kushiywe kwiphepha lokucoca.

2.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Gcina iqondo lobushushu:Kubalulekile ukugcina yonke into ishushu ngexesha lenkqubo.

Nakuphi na ukuhla kweqondo lobushushu kunokubangela ukuba isolute enqwenelekayo ikhazimle kwiphepha lokucoca kunye nokungcola.

* Iphepha lesihluzi esiFluthiweyo:Rhoqo, iphepha lokucoca liyaphethwa okanye lisongwe ngendlela ethile ukunyusa indawo yalo, likhuthaza ukuhluzwa okukhawulezayo.

* Ibhafu yomphunga okanye iBhafu yamanzi ashushu:Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziselwa ukugcina i-funnel kunye nesisombululo sifudumele, ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-crystallization.

3.） Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ukusebenza kakuhle:Ivumela ukukhutshwa kokungcola kwisisombululo ngaphambi kwe-crystallization, ukuqinisekisa iikristali ezicocekileyo.

* Ukucaca:Inceda ekufumaneni ifiltrate ecacileyo engenazingcolisi ezinganyibilikiyo.

4.) Unyino:

* Uzinzo loBubushushu:Ayizizo zonke iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, anokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kokucoca okushushu kwiikhompawundi ezithile ezinovakalelo.

* IiNgxaki zoKhuseleko:Ukuphatha izisombululo ezishushu kwandisa umngcipheko wokutsha kwaye kufuna izilumkiso ezongezelelweyo.

* Uvakalelo lweSixhobo:Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe kwi-glassware njengoko utshintsho olukhawulezayo lobushushu lunokubangela ukuba luqhekeke.

Isishwankathelo, i-filtration eshushu yindlela elungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukwahlula ukungcola kwisisombululo esishushu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iikristali ezibangelwayo xa zipholile zicocekile ngokusemandleni.Ubuchule obufanelekileyo kunye nezilumkiso zokhuseleko zibalulekile kwiziphumo ezisebenzayo nezikhuselekileyo.

4. Ukuhluzwa okubandayo

I-Cold Filtration yindlela esetyenziswa ikakhulu elabhoratri ukwahlula okanye ukucocwa kwezinto.Njengoko igama libonisa, ukuhluzwa okubandayo kubandakanya ukupholisa isisombululo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukukhuthaza ukuhlukana kwezinto ezingafunekiyo.

1. Inkqubo:

* Ukupholisa isisombululo:Isisombululo sipholile, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwibhafu ye-ice okanye efrijini.Le nkqubo yokupholisa iya kubangela izinto ezingafunekiyo (ezihlala zingcolile) ezinganyibiliki kancinci kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi ukuze zikhazimle ngaphandle kwesisombululo.

* Ukuseta izixhobo:Njengakwezinye iindlela zokucoca, ifuneli yokucoca ibekwe phezu kwesitya esamkelayo (njengeflask okanye ibhekile).Iphepha lokucoca libekwe ngaphakathi kwifaneli.

Uhluzo:Isisombululo esibandayo sithululelwa kwi-funnel.Ukungcola okuqinileyo, okuye kwakhanya ngenxa yokushisa okuncitshisiweyo, kubanjwe kwiphepha lokucoca.Isisombululo esihlambulukileyo, esaziwa ngokuba yi-filtrate, siqokelela kwinqanawa engezantsi.

Amanqaku aphambili:

* Injongo:Ukuhluzwa okubandayo kusetyenziswa ikakhulu ukususa ukungcola okanye izinto ezingafunekiyo ezinganyibilikiyo okanye ezinganyibiliki kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu ancitshisiweyo.

* Imvula:Ubuchule bunokusetyenziswa kwi-tandem kunye neentshukumo zemvula, apho imvula yenza khona xa kuphole.

* Ukunyibilika:Ukuhluzwa okubandayo kuthatha ithuba lokunyibilika okuncitshisiweyo kwezinye iikhompawundi kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi.

Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ubunyulu:Inika indlela yokuphucula ukucoceka kwesisombululo ngokususa amacandelo angafunekiyo acwebezelayo xa epholisa.

* Ukwahlula okukhethiweyo:Ekubeni kuphela iikhompawundi ezithile ziya kunyuka okanye zikhanye kumaqondo obushushu athile, ukuhluzwa okubandayo kungasetyenziselwa ukwahlula okukhethiweyo.

Imida:

* Ukwahlulwa okungaphelelanga:Ayizizo zonke izinto ezimdaka ezinokuthi ziqaqambe okanye ziphelise xa kuphole, ngoko ke ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zisenokuhlala kwifiltrate.

* Umngcipheko wokuphulukana neNdawo efunekayo:Ukuba ikhompawundi yomdla ikwacuthe ukunyibilika kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, inokuqaqamba ngaphandle kunye nokungcola.

* Itya ixesha:Ngokuxhomekeke kwinto, ukufikelela kubushushu obufunwayo obuphantsi kunye nokuvumela ukungcola ukuba kukhazimle kunokutya ixesha.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa okubandayo bubuchule obukhethekileyo obusebenzisa utshintsho lobushushu ukufezekisa ukwahlukana.Indlela ibaluleke kakhulu xa ukungcola okanye amacandelo athile ayaziwa ukuba adibanise okanye ahlasele kumaqondo okushisa aphantsi, okuvumela ukuhlukana kwabo kwisisombululo esikhulu.Njengazo zonke iindlela zobuchule, ukuqonda iimpawu zezinto ezibandakanyekayo kubalulekile kwiziphumo ezisebenzayo.

5. UHluzo lweVacuum:

Ukuhluza ngevacuum yindlela yokuhluza ngokukhawuleza esetyenziselwa ukwahlula izinto eziqinileyo kulwelo.Ngokufaka i-vacuum kwisixokelelwano, ulwelo lutsalwa ngesihluzo, lushiya iintsalela eziqinileyo ngasemva.Iluncedo kakhulu ekwahluleni izixa ezikhulu zentsalela okanye xa isihluzi silulwelo olubonakalayo okanye oluhamba kade.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ukuseta izixhobo:Ifaneli ye-Büchner (okanye ifaneli efanayo eyenzelwe ukuhluza umatshini wokufunxa) ibekwe phezu kweflaski, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiflaski yokucoca okanye iflaski yeBüchner.Iflaski iqhagamshelwe kumthombo wevacuum.Iqhekeza lephepha lokucoca okanye asinteredidiski yeglasi ibekwe ngaphakathi kwifaneli ukuze isebenze njengendawo yokucoca.

* Ukufaka iVacuum:Umthombo we-vacuum uvuliwe, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kweflask.

Uhluzo:Umxube wolwelo ugalelwa kwisihluzo.Uxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo kwi-flask lutsala i-liquid (filtrate) kwi-filter medium, ishiya amaqhekeza aqinileyo (intsalela) phezulu.

2.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Isantya:Ukusetyenziswa kwevacuum kuyayikhawulezisa kakhulu inkqubo yokucoca xa kuthelekiswa nohluzo oluqhutywa ngumxhuzulane.

* Isitywina:Isitywina esilungileyo phakathi kwefaneli kunye neflaski kubalulekile ukugcina ivacuum.Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli tywina liphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa i-rubber okanye i-silicone bung.

* Ukhuseleko:Xa usebenzisa izixhobo zeglasi phantsi kwevacuum, kukho umngcipheko wokufakwa.Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke glassware akukho iintanda okanye

iziphene kunye nokukhusela ukuseta xa kunokwenzeka.

3.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ukusebenza kakuhle:Ukuhluzwa kwevacuum kukhawuleza kakhulu kunokucoca umxhuzulane olula.

* Ukuguquguquka:Ingasetyenziswa kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezisombululo kunye nokumiswa, kubandakanywa nezo zibonakala kakhulu okanye zinenani elikhulu leentsalela eziqinileyo.

* Ukubaleka:Ifanelekile kuzo zombini iinkqubo zaselabhoratri ezincinci kunye neenkqubo ezinkulu zamashishini.

4.) Unyino:

*IMfuneko yeSixhobo:Ifuna izixhobo ezongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa umthombo wokucoca kunye neefanisi ezikhethekileyo.

* Umngcipheko wokuvalwa:Ukuba amasuntswana aqinileyo alunge kakhulu, asenokuvala isihluzo esiphakathi, acothise okanye amise inkqubo yokucoca.

* IiNgxaki zoKhuseleko:Ukusetyenziswa kwe-vacuum kunye ne-glassware kwazisa imingcipheko ye-implosion, ifuna imilinganiselo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo.

Isishwankathelo, i-vacuum filtration yindlela enamandla kwaye efanelekileyo yokwahlula izinto eziqinileyo kulwelo, ngakumbi kwiimeko apho ukuhluzwa okukhawulezayo kunqweneleka okanye xa kujongwa izisombululo ezicothayo ukuhluza phantsi kwamandla omxhuzulane wodwa.Ukuseta ngokufanelekileyo, ukutshekishwa kwezixhobo, kunye nezilumkiso zokhuseleko zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe iziphumo eziyimpumelelo nezikhuselekileyo.

6. UHlelo lobunzulu:

Ukuhluza ubunzulu yindlela yokucoca apho amasuntswana abanjwa ngaphakathi kobukhulu (okanye "ubunzulu") bokucoca okuphakathi, kunokuba nje phezu komhlaba.Isihluzo esiphakathi kubunzulu bohluzo luqhelekile ukuba bungqingqwa, izinto ezirhabaxa ezithi zibambe amasuntswana kulwakhiwo lwawo lonke.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ungenelelo oluthe ngqo: Amalungu abanjwa ngokuthe ngqo sisihluzo esiphakathi njengoko edibana nawo.

* I-Adsorption: Amalungu abambelela kwisihluzo esiphakathi ngenxa yamandla e-van der Waals kunye nolunye unxibelelwano olunomtsalane.

* Ukusasazwa: Amasuntswana amancinci ahamba ngendlela engaqondakaliyo ngenxa yentshukumo yeBrownian kwaye ekugqibeleni abambeke ngaphakathi kwesihluzi esiphakathi.

2.) Izinto:

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhluza nzulu ziquka:

* Iselulosi

* Umhlaba weDiatomaceous

* Perlite

* Iintlaka zepolymeric

3.) Inkqubo:

* Ukulungiselela:Isihluzo sobunzulu simiselwe ngendlela enyanzela ulwelo okanye irhasi ukuba idlule kubungqingqwa bayo bonke.

Uhluzo:Njengoko ulwelo luhamba kwisihluzo esiphakathi, amasuntswana avaleleke kubunzulu besihluzi, hayi nje phezu komhlaba.

* Ukutshintshwa / ukucocwa:Nje ukuba isihluzi sihluzeke okanye izinga lokuhamba lihle kakhulu, kufuneka litshintshwe okanye licocwe.

4.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Ukuguquguquka:Izihluzi ezinzulu zingasetyenziselwa ukuhluza uluhlu olubanzi lweesayizi zamasuntswana, ukusuka kumasuntswana amakhulu ukuya kwawona mahle kakhulu.

* Ulwakhiwo lweGradient:Ezinye izihluzi ezinzulu zinesakhiwo sokuthamba, okuthetha ukuba ubukhulu bepore buyohluka ukusuka kwindawo yokungena ukuya kwicala lokuphuma.Olu luyilo luvumela ukubamba amasuntswana ngokufanelekileyo njengoko amasuntswana amakhulu avaleleke kufutshane nendawo yokungena ngelixa amasuntswana acolekileyo abanjwa nzulu ngaphakathi kwesihluzi.

5.) Izinto eziluncedo:

*Ubumdaka obuphezulu besakhono sokubamba:Izihluzi ezinzulu zinokubamba isixa esibalulekileyo samasuntswana ngenxa yomthamo wesixhobo sokucoca.

* Unyamezelo kubungakanani bamasuntswana awahlukeneyo:Ziyakwazi ukuphatha ulwelo olunoluhlu olubanzi lobungakanani bamasuntswana.

* UkuNcitshiswa kokuvalwa koMphezulu:Kuba amasuntswana avaleleke kumbindi wokucoca, izihluzi zobunzulu zikholisa ukufumana ukuvaleka okuncinci komphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezihluzo zomphezulu.

6.) Unyino:

* Ukutshintsha okuphindaphindwayo:Ngokuxhomekeke kubume bolwelo kunye nobungakanani benxalenye, izihluzi ezinzulu zinokugcwala kwaye zifuna ukutshintshwa.

* Ayisoloko ihlaziywa:Ezinye izihluzi ezinzulu, ngakumbi ezo zenziwe ngezinto ezinentsinga, azinakucocwa lula kwaye zihlaziywe.

* Ukwehla koxinzelelo:Indalo engqindilili yezihluzi zobunzulu inokukhokelela ekwehleni koxinzelelo olukhulu ngapha kwesihluzo, ngakumbi njengoko iqala ukuzalisa ngamasuntswana.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluza ubunzulu yindlela esetyenziselwa ukubamba amasuntswana ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sokucoca okuphakathi, kunokuba kuvele kumphezulu.Le ndlela iluncedo ngakumbi kumanzi anoluhlu olubanzi lweesayizi zamasuntswana okanye xa kufuneka umthamo omkhulu wokubamba ubumdaka.Ukukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto zokucoca kunye nokugcinwa kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokupheleleyo.

7. UHlelo loMphezulu:

Ukuhluzwa komphezulu yindlela apho amasuntswana abanjwa kumphezulu wokucoca okuphakathi kunokuba ngaphakathi kobunzulu bawo.Kulolu hlobo lokucoca, i-medium filter yenza njenge-sieve, ivumela amaqhekeza amancinci ukuba adlule ngelixa egcina amaqhekeza amakhulu phezu kwawo.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ukugcinwa kweSieve:Amalungu amakhulu kunobungakanani bepore yesihluzo esiphakathi agcinwa kumphezulu, kufana nendlela isisefu esisebenza ngayo.

* I-Adsorption:Amanye amasuntswana angabambelela kumphezulu wesihluzi ngenxa yemikhosi eyahlukeneyo, nokuba mancinci kunobukhulu bepore.

2.) Izinto:

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kuhluzo lomphezulu ziquka:

* Amalaphu alukiweyo okanye angalukwanga

* Iimbumba ezinobungakanani obuchaziweyo bepore

* Izikrini zentsimbi

3.) Inkqubo:

* Ukulungiselela:Isihluzo somphezulu sibekwe ukuze ulwelo oluza kuhluzwa luqukuqelele ngapha okanye ngalo.

Uhluzo:Njengoko ulwelo ludlula kwindawo yokucoca, amasuntswana avaleleke kumphezulu wawo.

* Ukucoca/Ukutshintshwa:Ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko amasuntswana amaninzi aqokelelana, isihluzi sinokuvaleka kwaye kufuneka sicocwe okanye sitshintshwe.

4.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Ubungakanani bePore obuchaziweyo:Izihluzi zomphezulu zihlala zichazwa ngokuchaneke ngakumbi ubungakanani bepore xa kuthelekiswa nobunzulu bohluzo, oluvumela ulwahlulo olusekwe kubungakanani obuthile.

* Ukumfamekisa / ukuvala:Izihluzi ezingaphezulu zithande ukumfamekisa okanye zivale njengoko amasuntswana engasasazwanga kwisihluzi sonke kodwa aqokelelane kumphezulu waso.

5.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Sula ukunqunyulwa:Xa kujongwa ubungakanani obuchaziweyo bepore, izihluzi zomphezulu zinokubonelela ngokunqunyulwa okucacileyo, zizenze zisebenze kwizicelo apho ukukhutshwa kobungakanani kubalulekile.

* Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona:Izihluzi ezininzi zomphezulu, ngakumbi ezo zenziwe ngezinto ezomeleleyo njengentsimbi, zinokucocwa kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi.

* Ukuqikelelwa:Ngenxa yobungakanani bazo obuchaziweyo bepore, izihluzi zomphezulu zibonelela ngokusebenza okuqikelelwayo ngakumbi kulwahlulo olusekwe kubungakanani.

6.) Unyino:

* Ukuvala:Izihluzi zomphezulu zinokuvaleka ngokukhawuleza kunezihluzo ezinzulu, ngakumbi kwiimeko zomthwalo ophezulu.

* Ukwehla koxinzelelo:Njengoko umphezulu wokucoca ulayishwa ngamasuntswana, ukuhla koxinzelelo kwisihluzi kunokonyuka kakhulu.

* Unyamezelo oluNcinci kubungakanani bamasuntswana ahlukeneyo:Ngokungafaniyo nezihluzo ezinzulu, ezinokwamkela uluhlu olubanzi lweesayizi zamasuntswana, izihluzi zangaphezulu zikhetha ngakumbi kwaye zisenokungakulungeli ulwelo olunomlinganiselo obanzi wosasazo lwamasuntswana.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa komphezulu kubandakanya ukugcinwa kwamasuntswana kumphezulu wokucoca.Inika ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo olusekwe kubungakanani kodwa luchaphazeleka ngakumbi ekuvalelekeni kunokucoca ubunzulu.Ukhetho phakathi kokucoca umphezulu kunye nobunzulu kakhulu kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo, ubume bolwelo oluhluzwayo, kunye neempawu zomthwalo we-particle.

8. UHlelo lweMembrane:

I-Membrane filtration yindlela yokwahlula amasuntswana, kuquka i-microorganisms kunye ne-solutes, ukusuka kulwelo ngokudlula kwi-membrane e-semi-permeable.Iimbumba zichaze ubungakanani bepore obuvumela kuphela amasuntswana amancinci kunezi pores ukuba adlule, asebenze ngokufanelekileyo njengesefu.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ubungakanani obungabandakanyiyo:Amasuntswana amakhulu kunomlinganiselo wepore wenwebu agcinwa kumphezulu, ngelixa amasuntswana amancinane kunye neemolekyuli ezinyibilikayo zidlula.

* I-Adsorption:Amanye amasuntswana anokubambelela kumphezulu we-membrane ngenxa yemikhosi eyahlukeneyo, nokuba incinci kunobukhulu bepore.

2.) Izinto:

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwi-membrane filtration ziquka:

* Polysulfone

* Polyethersulfone

* Polyamide

* Polypropylene

* PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)

* Iselulosi acetate

3.) Iintlobo:

Ukuhluzwa kweMembrane kungahlelwa ngokusekwe kubungakanani bepore:

* Uhluzo oluncinci (MF):Ngokuqhelekileyo igcina iincinci ukusuka kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-10 micrometers ngobukhulu.Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukususwa kwamasuntswana kunye nokunciphisa i-microbial.

*Uhluzo lweUltrafit (UF):Ugcina amasuntswana ukusuka malunga ne-0.001 ukuya kwi-0.1 micrometer.Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukugxila kwiprotheni kunye nokususwa kwentsholongwane.

*Nanofiltration (NF):Inoluhlu lwesayizi ye-pore evumela ukususwa kwee-athomu ezincinci ze-organic kunye nee-ion ezininzi, ngelixa ii-ion ze-monovalent zihlala zidlula.

* Ukubuyisela umva i-Osmosis (RO):Oku akukokuhluzwa ngokungqongqo ngobungakanani bepore kodwa isebenza ngokusekwe kumahluko woxinzelelo lwe-osmotic.Ithintela ngokufanelekileyo indlela yokudlula uninzi lwezinyibilikisi, ivumela kuphela amanzi kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi ezincinci ukuba zidlule.

4.) Inkqubo:

* Ukulungiselela:Isihluzi se-membrane sifakwe kwisibambi esifanelekileyo okanye imodyuli, kwaye inkqubo i-primed.

Uhluzo:Ulwelo lunyanzeliswa (ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngoxinzelelo) nge-membrane.Amasuntswana amakhulu kunobungakanani bepore ayagcinwa, okukhokelela kulwelo oluhluziweyo olwaziwa ngokuba yi permeate okanye filtrate.

* Ukucoca/Ukutshintshwa:Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-membrane inokungcoliswa ngamasuntswana agciniweyo.Ukucocwa rhoqo okanye ukutshintshwa kusenokuba yimfuneko, ngakumbi kwizicelo zamashishini.

5.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* UHlelo lokuFihla:Ukuthintela ukungcola okukhawulezayo, izicelo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso zisebenzisa i-crossflow okanye i-tangential flow filtration.Apha, ulwelo luhamba ngokunxusene nomphezulu wenwebu, lutshayela amasuntswana agciniweyo.

* Ukuqinisa iiMembranes zeBanga:Ezi ziinwebu eziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukususa zonke iintsholongwane ezisebenzayo kulwelo, ziqinisekisa ubunyumba bayo.

6.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ukuchaneka:Iimembranes ezinobungakanani bepore obuchaziweyo zibonelela ngokuchaneka kulwahlulo olusekwe kubungakanani.

* Ukuba bhetyebhetye:Ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhluzwa kwe-membrane ezikhoyo, kuyenzeka ukujolisa uluhlu olubanzi lweesayizi zamasuntswana.

* Ubunyumba:Iinwebu ezithile zinokufikelela iimeko zokubulala iintsholongwane, zizenze zixabiseke kwizicelo zamayeza kunye ne-biotechnological.

7.) Unyino:

* Ukuhlambalaza:Iimembrane zinokonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwamazinga okuqukuqela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kohluzo.

* Iindleko:Iinwebu ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumene nazo zinokubiza imali eninzi.

* Uxinzelelo:Ukuhluzwa kweMembrane kaninzi kufuna uxinzelelo lwangaphandle ukuqhuba inkqubo, ngakumbi kwiimbrane eziqinileyo ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa kwi-RO.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa kwe-membrane bubuchule obuguquguqukayo obusetyenziselwa ukwahlula okusekwe kubungakanani bamasuntswana kulwelo.Ukuchaneka kwendlela, kudityaniswa neentlobo ngeentlobo zeenwebu ezikhoyo, kuyenza ixabiseke kakhulu kwizicelo ezininzi kunyango lwamanzi, i-biotechnology, kunye neshishini lokutya nesiselo, phakathi kwezinye.Ukugcinwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokuqonda imigaqo esisiseko kubalulekile kwiziphumo ezizezona zilungileyo.

9. UHlelo lokuHlukana koMnqamlezo (uHluzo lweTangential Flow):

Kwi-filtration ye-crossflow, isisombululo sesondlo sihamba ngokuhambelana okanye "i-tangential" kwi-membrane yokucoca, kunokuba i-perpendicular kuyo.Oku kuhamba kwe-tangential kunciphisa ukwakhiwa kwamaqhekeza kwi-membrane, ingxaki eqhelekileyo kwi-filtration eqhelekileyo (efile-ekupheleni) apho isisombululo sokutya sityhalwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-membrane.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ukugcinwa kweNcam:Njengoko isisombululo sokutya sihamba ngokukhawuleza kwi-membrane, amasuntswana amakhulu kunobukhulu bepore athintelwa ukuba adlule.

* Umsebenzi wokutshayela:Ukuhamba kwe-tangential kususa amaqhekeza agciniweyo ukusuka kwi-membrane surface, ukunciphisa ukungcola kunye ne-concentration polarization.

2.) Inkqubo:

*Misela:Inkqubo ixhotyiswe ngempompo ejikeleza isisombululo sokutya kuwo wonke umphezulu we-membrane kwi-loop eqhubekayo.

Uhluzo:Isisombululo somxhesho simpontshwa ngapha komphezulu wenwebu.Inxalenye yolwelo ingena kwi-membrane, ishiya ngasemva i-retentate egxininisiweyo eqhubeka nokujikeleza.

* Ugxininiso kunye noDiafiltration:I-TFF ingasetyenziselwa ukugxila kwisisombululo ngokujikeleza kwakhona ukubuyisela.Kungenjalo, isithinteli esitsha (i-diafiltration fluid) singongezwa kumjelo obuyiselweyo ukuze kuxutywe kwaye kuhlambe izinyibilikisi ezincinci ezingafunekiyo, kuhlanjululwe ngakumbi amacandelo agciniweyo.

3.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* UkuNciphisa ukuNciphisa:Isenzo sokutshayela se-tangential flow kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwe-membrane,

enokuba ngumcimbi obalulekileyo ekuhluzweni okuphelileyo.

* I-Polarization yoXolo:

Nangona i-TFF inciphisa ukungcola, i-polarization yoxinaniso (apho i-solutes iqokelela kumphezulu we-membrane,

ukwenza i-concentration gradient) isenokwenzeka.Nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba kwe-tangential kunceda ekunciphiseni esi siphumo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.

4.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ubomi beMembrane eyandisiweyo:Ngenxa yokuncipha kokungacoceki, iimbrane ezisetyenziswa kwi-TFF zihlala zinobomi obude bokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa nezo zisetyenziselwa ukuhluzwa kokuphela.

* Amaxabiso aphezulu okuBuyisa:I-TFF ivumela amaxabiso aphezulu okubuyiswa kwee-solutes ekujoliswe kuzo okanye amasuntswana asuka kwimijelo yesondlo edityanisiweyo.

* Ukuguquguquka:Inkqubo ifanelekile kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka ekugxininiseni izisombululo zeprotheni kwi-biopharma ukuhlanjululwa kwamanzi.

* Ukusebenza rhoqo:Iisistim ze-TFF zinokuqhutywa ngokuqhubekayo, zizenza zilungele ukusebenza kweshishini.

5.) Unyino:

* Ukuntsonkotha:Iinkqubo ze-TFF zinokuba nzima ngakumbi kuneenkqubo zokuhluza ezifileyo ngenxa yesidingo seempompo kunye nokujikeleza kwakhona.

* Iindleko:Isixhobo kunye neenwebu ze-TFF zinokubiza kakhulu kunezo zeendlela ezilula zokuhluza.

* Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla:Iimpompo zokubuyisela kwakhona zingadla umthamo omkhulu wamandla, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi emikhulu.

Isishwankathelo, i-Crossflow okanye i-Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) bubuchule obukhethekileyo bokucoca obusebenzisa ukuhamba kwe-tangential ukunciphisa ukungcola kwe-membrane.Ngelixa ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi malunga nokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuncitshiswa kokungcola, ikwafuna ukusetwa okuntsonkothileyo kwaye kunokuba neendleko eziphezulu zokusebenza.Ibaluleke ngakumbi kwiimeko apho iindlela zokucoca eziqhelekileyo zinokukhokelela ngokukhawuleza ekungcoleni kwenwebu okanye apho amazinga aphezulu okubuyisela kufuneka.

10. UHlulo lwe-Centrifugal:

I-Centrifugal filtration isebenzisa imigaqo yamandla e-centrifugal ukwahlula amasuntswana kulwelo.Kule nkqubo, umxube ujijwa ngesantya esiphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amasuntswana axineneyo afudukele ngaphandle, ngelixa ulwelo olukhaphukhaphu (okanye amasuntswana axineneyo) luhlala lusiya embindini.Inkqubo yohluzo lwenzeka ngaphakathi kwi-centrifuge, esisixhobo esiyilelwe ukujikelezisa imixube kunye nokuyahlula ngokusekwe kumahluko woxinaniso.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ukwahlula koxinano:Xa i-centrifuge isebenza, amasuntswana axineneyo okanye izinto zinyanzeliswa ngaphandle ukuya

umjikelezo wegumbi le-centrifuge okanye i-rotor ngenxa yamandla e-centrifugal.

Isihluzo esiPhakathi:Ezinye izixhobo zokucoca i-centrifugal zibandakanya isihluzo esiphakathi okanye i-mesh.Amandla e-centrifugal

ityhala ulwelo kwisihluzo, ngelixa amasuntswana egcinwa ngasemva.

2.) Inkqubo:

* Iyalayisha:Isampuli okanye umxube ulayishwe kwiityhubhu ze-centrifuge okanye amacandelo.

* Centrifugation:I-centrifuge iyasebenza, kwaye isampuli ijikeleza ngesantya esimiselweyo kunye nobude.

* Ukubuyisela:Emva kwe-centrifugation, amacandelo ahlukanisiweyo afunyanwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiileya ezahlukeneyo okanye imimandla ngaphakathi kwetyhubhu ye-centrifuge.Intlenga exineneyo okanye i-pellet ilele ezantsi, ngelixa i-supernatant (ulwelo olucacileyo oluphezu kwentlenga) inokukhutshwa ngokulula okanye ikhutshwe ngombhobho.

3.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Iindidi zeRotor:Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-rotors, njenge-angle-angle kunye ne-swinging-bucket rotors, ezijongene neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula.

* I-Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF):Lo ngumlinganiselo wamandla owenziwe kwisampulu ngexesha le-centrifugation kwaye kaninzi ufanelekile kunokuba uchaze nje ukuguqulwa ngomzuzu (RPM).I-RCF ixhomekeke kwi-rotor radius kunye nesantya se-centrifuge.

4.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ukwahlula ngokukhawuleza:Ukuhluzwa kwe-Centrifugal kunokukhawuleza kakhulu kuneendlela zokwahlula ezisekelwe kumxhuzulane.

* Ukuguquguquka:Indlela ifanelekile kuluhlu olubanzi lwee-particle size kunye noxinaniso.Ngokulungelelanisa isantya se-centrifugation kunye nexesha, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula zinokufumaneka.

* Ukubaleka:I-Centrifuges iza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwii-microcentrifuges ezisetyenziswa kwiilebhu zeesampulu ezincinci ukuya kwii-centrifuges ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso yokusetyenzwa ngobuninzi.

5.) Unyino:

* Iindleko zeZixhobo:Isantya esiphezulu okanye i-ultra-centrifuges, ngakumbi ezo zisetyenziselwa imisebenzi ekhethekileyo, zinokubiza.

*Ukhathalelo lokuSebenza:Ii-Centrifuges zifuna ukulungelelaniswa ngononophelo kunye nokugcinwa rhoqo ukuze zisebenze ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo.

*Imfezeko yesampulu:Amandla e-centrifugal aphezulu kakhulu anokuthi aguqule okanye wonakalise iisampulu zebhayoloji ezinovakalelo.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa kwe-centrifugal bubuchule obunamandla bokwahlula izinto ngokusekwe kumahluko wabo woxinaniso phantsi kwempembelelo yamandla e-centrifugal.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nezicwangciso zophando, ukusuka ekucoceni iiprotheyini kwilebhu yebhayoloji ukuya ekwahluleni amacandelo obisi kushishino lobisi.Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuqonda isixhobo kubalulekile ukufezekisa ulwahlulo olunqwenelekayo kunye nokugcina imfezeko yesampulu.

11. Ukuhluzwa kweKeyiki:

Ukuhluzwa kwekeyiki yinkqubo yokuhluza apho "ikhekhe" eliqinileyo okanye umaleko kwakheka kumphezulu wokucoca okuphakathi.Le khekhe, eyenziwe ngamasuntswana aqokelelweyo ukusuka ekumisweni, iba ngumaleko ophambili wokucoca, ehlala iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlula njengoko inkqubo iqhubeka.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ukuqokelelwa kwamasuntswana:Njengoko ulwelo (okanye ukumiswa) lugqithiswa kwindawo yokucoca, amasuntswana aqinileyo ayabanjwa kwaye aqalise ukuqokelelana kumphezulu wokucoca.

* Ukwenziwa kweKeyiki:Ekuhambeni kwexesha, la masuntswana avalelekileyo enza umaleko okanye 'ikeyiki' kwisihluzo.Le khekhe isebenza njengendawo yokucoca yesibini, kwaye i-porosity kunye nesakhiwo sayo sinefuthe kwireyithi yokuhluza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

*Ubunzulu beCake:Njengoko inkqubo yokucoca iqhubeka, ikhekhe liyajiya, elinokuthi linciphise izinga lokuhluza ngenxa yokwanda kokumelana.

2.) Inkqubo:

* Misela:Isihluzo esiphakathi (inokuba lilaphu, ikhusi, okanye enye imathiriyeli enemingxuma) ifakwe kwisibambi esifanelekileyo okanye isakhelo.

Uhluzo:Ukunqunyanyiswa kugqithiswa ngaphaya okanye ngesihluzo esiphakathi.Amacandelo aqala ukuqokelela phezu komhlaba, enze ikhekhe.

* Ukususwa kwekeyiki:Emva kokuba inkqubo yokucoca igqityiwe okanye xa ikhekhe liba likhulu kakhulu, lithintela ukuhamba, ikhekhe inokususwa okanye ikhutshwe, kwaye inkqubo yokucoca ingaqala kwakhona.

3.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Uxinzelelo kunye nenqanaba:Umlinganiselo wokuhluza unokuphenjelelwa ngumahluko woxinzelelo kulo lonke icebo lokucoca.Njengoko ikeyiki iqina, umahluko omkhulu woxinzelelo unokufuneka ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba.

* Uxinzelelo:Ezinye iikeyiki zinokucinezeleka, oku kuthetha ukuba isakhiwo sabo kunye nokutshintsha kwe-porosity phantsi koxinzelelo.Oku kunokuchaphazela izinga lokuhluza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

4.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Ukusebenza kakuhle:Ikhekhe ngokwalo lihlala libonelela ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kunokucoca okuphakathi kokuqala, ukuthabatha amasuntswana amancinci.

*Umda ocacileyo:Ikhekhe eliqinileyo lihlala lihlulwe ngokulula ukusuka kwindawo yokucoca, ukwenza lula ukubuyiswa kokuqina okuhluziweyo.

Ukuguquguquka:Ukuhluzwa kwekhekhe kunokusingatha uluhlu olubanzi lobungakanani beengqungquthela kunye noxinzelelo.

5.) Unyino:

* UkuNcitshiswa koMgangatho wokuHamba:Njengoko ikhekhe liba likhulu, izinga lokuhamba liyancipha ngenxa yokwanda kokuchasana.

* Ukuvala kunye nokumfamekisa:Ukuba ikhekhe iba likhulu kakhulu okanye ukuba amasuntswana angena nzulu kwisihluzo esiphakathi, oko kunokukhokelela ekuvaleni okanye ukumfamekisa kwesihluzo.

* Ukucoca rhoqo:Kwezinye iimeko, ngokukodwa nge-cake buildup ngokukhawuleza, isihluzi sinokufuna ukucocwa rhoqo okanye ukususwa kwekhekhe, enokuphazamisa iinkqubo eziqhubekayo.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa kwekhekhe yindlela eqhelekileyo yokucoca apho amasuntswana aqokelelweyo enza 'ikhekhe' elinceda kwinkqubo yokucoca.Ubume bekhekhe - i-porosity, ubukhulu, kunye nokunyanzeliswa - kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kunye nesantya sokuhluza.Ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kunye nokulawulwa kokwenziwa kwekhekhe kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zokuhluza ikhekhe.Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka imichiza, amayeza, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya.

12. Ukuhluzwa kweengxowa:

Ukuhluzwa kwengxowa, njengoko negama libonisa, kusebenzisa ilaphu okanye ibhegi ezivalwayo njengendawo yokucoca.Ulwelo oluza kuhluzwa luqondiswe kwingxowa, ebamba izinto ezingcolileyo.Izihluzi zengxowa zinokwahluka ngobukhulu kunye noyilo, nto leyo ezenza zisebenziseke kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimisebenzi emincinci ukuya kwiinkqubo zamashishini.

1.) Inkqubo:

* Ukugcinwa kweNcam:I-fluid iphuma ngaphakathi ukuya ngaphandle kwesikhwama (okanye kwezinye iiplani, ngaphandle ukuya ngaphakathi).Amalungu amakhulu kunobungakanani bepore yebhegi avaleleke engxoweni, ngelixa ulwelo olucociweyo ludlula.

* Iyakheka ukwenyuka:Njengoko kubanjwe amaqhekeza amaninzi, uluhlu lwala maqhekeza lubumba kwindawo yangaphakathi yesikhwama, enokuthi, ibe yinto eyongezelelweyo yokucoca, ibambe iincinci ezincinci.

2.) Inkqubo:

* Ukuhlohla:Ingxowa yokuhluza ifakwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhluza ingxowa, elawula ukuhamba kolwelo engxoweni.

Uhluzo:Njengoko ulwelo ludlula engxoweni, ungcoliseko luvaleleke ngaphakathi.

* Ukutshintshwa kwengxowa:Ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko isikhwama silayishwa ngamaqhekeza, ukuhla koxinzelelo kwi-filter kuya kwanda, kubonisa isidingo sokutshintsha isikhwama.Emva kokuba isikhwama sigcwele okanye ukuhla koxinzelelo kuphezulu kakhulu, isikhwama sinokususwa, ukulahlwa (okanye ukucocwa, ukuba kusetyenziswe kwakhona), kwaye kufakwe entsha.

3.) Amanqaku aphambili:

* Izinto:Iingxowa zingenziwa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-polyester, i-polypropylene, i-nylon, kunye nezinye, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye nohlobo lolwelo oluhluzwayo.

* Umlinganiselo weMicron:Iingxowa ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukeneyo bepore okanye imilinganiselo ye-micron ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuhluza.

* Ulungelelwaniso:Izihluzi zengxowa zinokuba yinkqubo enye okanye iingxowa ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kumthamo kunye nezinga lokuhluza olufunekayo.

4.) Izinto eziluncedo:

* Isebenza kakuhle emalini:Iinkqubo zokuhluza iingxowa zihlala zinexabiso eliphantsi kunezinye iintlobo zokuhluza njengezihluzo zekhatriji.

* Ukusebenza ngokulula:Ukutshintsha ibhegi yokucoca ngokuqhelekileyo kuqondile, ukwenza ukugcinwa kube lula.

* Ukuguquguquka:Zingasetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka kunyango lwamanzi ukuya kwi-chemical processing.

* Amaxabiso okuHamba aphezulu:Ngenxa yoyilo lwazo, izihluzi zengxowa ziyakwazi ukujongana namazinga aphezulu okuhamba.

5.) Unyino:

* Uluhlu loHlulo oluMdayo:Ngelixa izihluzi zengxowa zinokubamba uluhlu olubanzi lweesayizi zamasuntswana, zisenokungasebenzi njengenwebu okanye izihluzi zekhatriji zamasuntswana alunge kakhulu.

* Ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma:Ngaphandle kokuba iingxowa ziyaphinda zisetyenziswe, iingxowa ezichithiweyo zinokuvelisa inkunkuma.

* Umngcipheko wokudlula:Ukuba ayitywinwanga ngokuchanekileyo, kukho ithuba lokuba ulwelo oluthile lungadlula ibhegi, nto leyo ekhokelela kuhluzo olungasebenziyo.

Isishwankathelo, ukuhluzwa kwengxowa yindlela yokucoca esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye eguquguqukayo.Ngokulula kwayo ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, lukhetho oludumileyo kwiimfuno ezininzi zokucoca okuphakathi ukuya kokurhabaxa.Ukukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kwempahla yengxowa kunye nokulinganisa kwe-micron, kunye nokugcinwa rhoqo, kubalulekile ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca.

Uzikhetha njani iiMveliso eziLungileyo zoBuchule boBuchule beNkqubo yokuHlunga?

Ukukhetha iimveliso zokucoca ezifanelekileyo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobude benkqubo yakho yokucoca.Zininzi izinto eziza kudlala, kwaye inkqubo yokukhetha ngamanye amaxesha inokuba nzima.Ngezantsi ngamanyathelo kunye nengqwalasela zokukukhokela ekwenzeni ukhetho olunolwazi:

1. Chaza iNjongo:

* Injongo: Misela eyona njongo yokuhluza.Ngaba kukukhusela izixhobo ezibuthathaka, ukuvelisa imveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu, ukususa ungcoliseko oluthile, okanye olunye usukelo?

* Ubunyulu obunqwenelekayo: Qonda inqanaba lokucoceka elifunwayo lefiltrate.Umzekelo, amanzi okusela aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokucoceka kunamanzi acwenge kakhulu asetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-semiconductor.

2. Hlalutya Ukutya:

* Uhlobo loNgcoliseko: Qinisekisa ubunjani bongcoliseko- ngaba zizinto eziphilayo, ezingaphiliyo, zebhayoloji, okanye zingumxube?

* Ubungakanani besuntswana: Linganisa okanye uqikelele ubungakanani bamasuntswana aza kususwa.Oku kuya kukhokela ubungakanani bepore okanye ukhetho lokukala lwemicron.

* Ugxininiso: Qonda ukuxinana kongcoliseko.Izigxina eziphezulu zinokufuna amanyathelo okucoca kwangaphambili.

3. Qwalasela iiParamitha zokuSebenza:

* Inqanaba lokuqukuqela: Qinisekisa umyinge ofunekayo wokuqukuqela okanye ukugqiba.Ezinye izihluzi zigqwesa kumazinga aphezulu okuhamba ngelixa ezinye zinokuvala ngokukhawuleza.

* Ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo: Qinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokucoca inokusingatha ubushushu bokusebenza kunye noxinzelelo.

* Ukuhambelana kweMichiza: Qinisekisa ukuba izinto zokucoca ziyahambelana neekhemikhali okanye izinyibilikisi kulwelo, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

4. Umba kwiiNgqwalasela zezoQoqosho:

* Iindleko zokuQala: Qwalasela iindleko zangaphambili zenkqubo yokuhluza nokuba iyangena kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho.

* Iindleko zokuSebenza: Ixabiso lexabiso lamandla, izihluzi ezitshintshileyo, ukucocwa, kunye nokugcinwa.

* Ubude bobomi: Qwalasela ubomi obulindelekileyo bemveliso yokucoca kunye nezixhobo zayo.Ezinye iimathiriyeli zinokuba neendleko eziphezulu zangaphambili kodwa ubomi obude bokusebenza.

5. Vavanya iTekhnoloji yoHlulo:

* I-Filtration Mechanism: Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezingcolileyo kunye nokucoceka okufunwayo, thatha isigqibo sokuba ngaba ukucocwa komphezulu, ukuhluzwa kobunzulu, okanye ukuhluzwa kwe-membrane kufanelekile.

* Isihluzi esiPhakathi: Khetha phakathi kweenketho ezifana nezihluzi zekhatriji, izihluzi zeengxowa, izihluzi ze-ceramic, njl., ngokusekwe kwisicelo kunye nezinye izinto.

* Isebenziseka kwakhona xa ithelekiswa nokuLahlwayo: Gqiba ngokuba isihluzo esinokuphinda sisetyenziswe okanye esilahlwayo siyasifanela isicelo.Izihluzi eziphinda zisetyenziswe zinokonga kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha kodwa zifuna ukucocwa rhoqo.

6. Udibaniso lweNkqubo:

* Ukuhambelana neeNkqubo ezikhoyo: Qinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokucoca inokudityaniswa ngokungenamthungo kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo okanye iziseko.

* Ukwandiswa: Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukunyusa imisebenzi kwixesha elizayo, khetha inkqubo enokumelana nomthamo owandisiweyo okanye imodyuli.

7. Iingqwalasela zokusiNgqongileyo noKhuseleko:

* Uveliso lweNkunkuma: Qwalasela ifuthe lemo engqongileyo yenkqubo yokuhluza, ngakumbi malunga nokuveliswa nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma.

* Ukhuseleko: Qinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko, ngakumbi ukuba iikhemikhali eziyingozi zibandakanyeka.

8. Isidima somthengisi:

Phanda abathengisi abanokubakho okanye abavelisi.Cinga ngodumo lwabo, uphononongo, ukusebenza kwangaphambili, kunye nenkxaso emva kokuthengisa.

9. Ukugcinwa kunye neNkxaso:

* Ukuqonda iimfuno zogcino lwenkqubo.

* Qwalasela ukufumaneka kwamalungu atshintshiweyo kunye nenkxaso yomthengisi ukulungiselela ukugcinwa kunye nokusombulula ingxaki.

10. Uvavanyo lokulinga:

Ukuba kunokwenzeka, yenza iimvavanyo zokulinga ngoguqulelo oluncinci lwenkqubo yokucoca okanye iyunithi yesilingo kumthengisi.Olu vavanyo lwehlabathi lokwenyani lunokubonelela ngeembono ezixabisekileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo.

Isishwankathelo, ukukhetha iimveliso zokuhluza ezifanelekileyo kufuna uvavanyo olubanzi lweempawu zesondlo, iiparamitha zokusebenza, izinto zoqoqosho, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokudityaniswa kwenkqubo.Ngalo lonke ixesha uqinisekise ukuba ukhuseleko kunye neenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo ziyaqwalaselwa, kwaye uthembele kuvavanyo lokulinga nanini na xa kunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukhetho.

Ngaba ujonge iSicombululo soHluzo esithembekileyo?

Iprojekthi yakho yokuhluza ifanelwe kokona kulungileyo, kwaye uHENGKO ulapha ukuzisa kanye oko.Ngeminyaka yobungcali kunye nodumo lokugqwesa, i-HENGKO ibonelela ngezisombululo zokuhluza ezilungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho ezizodwa.

Kutheni Khetha HENGKO?

* Itekhnoloji ephucukileyo

* Izisombululo ezenzelwe wena kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo

* Kuthenjwa ziinkokeli zeshishini kwihlabathi liphela

* Uzibophelele ekuzinzeni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle

* Musa ukuyekelela kumgangatho.Vumela i-HENGKO ibe sisisombululo kwimicelimngeni yakho yokuhluza.

Qhagamshelana noHENGKO Namhlanje!

Qinisekisa impumelelo yeprojekthi yakho yokucoca.Thepha kubuchule be-HENGKO ngoku!

[ Cofa ngokulandelayo ukuze uqhagamshelane noHENGKO]